【初階知識】外匯透過匯率差價賺錢的原理是什麼?

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外匯交易是指對不同貨幣對進行買賣,換一種說法,就是同時買入一種貨幣,並賣出另一種貨幣。

舉一個簡單的例子:

當美元兌日圓(USD/JPY)的匯率為 130 時(代表 1 美元可以兌換 130 日圓),小明此時用 130 萬日圓兌換成 1 萬美元,並持有這筆美元。這個過程就是買入美元、賣出日圓,在外匯術語中稱為做多或買多 USD/JPY。因為用日圓換成美元的同時,也等於把日圓賣出,手中持有的是美元。

一週後,當匯率上漲到 140(代表 1 美元可兌換 140 日圓),小明此時再把 1 萬美元兌換回 140 萬日圓。同理,這個過程就是賣出美元、買入日圓,也稱為做空或賣空 USD/JPY。如此一進一出,小明在一週內就賺到了 10 萬日圓。

以上,就是外匯透過匯率差價賺錢的基本原理。


原理雖然清楚了,但你是否會發現,上述例子其實有點麻煩?
小明只是單純想賺取匯率差價,卻需要實際兌換兩次貨幣。如果小明想賺 100 萬日圓,豈不是還得準備 1,300 萬日圓的本金?

那麼,有沒有一種方式,可以降低所需本金,又能省去實際兌換貨幣的步驟,依然透過匯率差價來獲利呢?

答案是肯定的。

隨著網際網路與電子交易的發展,線上交易已成為主流,市場上出現了一種名為外匯差價合約(CFD)的金融衍生工具。透過 CFD,小明不需要實際持有貨幣,只需判斷價格是上漲還是下跌,即可參與交易。

外匯 CFD 合約由外匯經紀商提供,小明可以透過手機或電腦,使用像 MT4 這樣的交易軟體,只需簡單點擊買入或賣出,就能瞬間完成上述原本繁瑣的操作。

此外,大多數外匯經紀商會提供 30 到 500 倍不等的槓桿。回到剛才的例子,小明原本需要 1,300 萬日圓的本金,若使用 500 倍槓桿,實際只需要約 2.6 萬日圓。用 2.6 萬日圓去博取 10 萬日圓的收益,這正是外匯差價合約(CFD)的魅力所在。

但需要特別注意的是,槓桿是一把雙刃劍,在放大獲利的同時,也會放大虧損。如果匯率走勢與預期相反,小明的本金同樣存在歸零的風險。

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